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New Zealand Overview
By Krzysztof Zdziarski 1, * , Katarzyna Karakiewicz-Krawczyk 2, Mariam S. Awad 3, Narmeen Qumsieh 3, Anna Landowska 4 and Beata Karakiewicz 1
The COVID-19 pandemic has limited human freedom in many areas. Developing a COVID-19 vaccine has been a key task to contain the spread of the virus. In many countries, there is increasing concern about anti-vaccines due to complications after receiving the vaccine. The research problem concerns the opinions of Polish and Palestinian students after receiving vaccinations against COVID-19. This study involved 657 respondents (332 from Poland and 325 from Palestine) who completed the original questionnaire online. The respondents present two different cultures, embedded in different existential conditions, also in terms of health care, and especially the availability of vaccines. The obtained data indicate that almost 50% of research participants from both countries believe that vaccines are an effective antidote to the pandemic situation. Respondents in both populations believed that it was their personal choice to undergo vaccinations. The social motivation for vaccination in both groups was the desire to participate in public life, and the possibility of free travel for Poles, and the fear of infecting other people for Palestinians. The most common side effect reported after vaccination was pain at the site of the infection. Medical assistance was more often sought by respondents from Palestine. From an existential, psychosocial and health perspective, vaccines contributed to strengthening the vital forces in a large part of the population, allowed rebuilding social interactions and gave a sense of security in the daily functioning of a person.
The COVID-19 pandemic has produced enormous health and psychosocial imbalances in human existence all over the world. The scale of fear of a pandemic increased and caused stress, anxiety, and it generated the use of narcotic drugs in some social groups to reduce emotional tension [1]. Additionally, medical personnel in many cases were paralyzed with fear and even suicidal thoughts [2]. The destruction affected not only medical workers but also students, who, physically isolated, were unable to cope with the nihilistic emotional state [3, 4]. Following the adoption of vaccines, some scientists believe that the virus no longer poses a threat to human health. According to other researchers, the next wave of the pandemic is expected in the fall. The results of medical and social studies show that the administered vaccines and the maintenance of epidemic restrictions have significantly contributed to stopping the pandemic. The research undertaken, covering almost all areas of life, allowed identifying the factors that had the greatest impact on the decision to take the vaccine by individual social groups. Based on the data obtained from the review of articles indexed in reputable databases (Pub Med (MEDLINE), Elsevier, Science Direct, and Scopus), it is possible to identify the factors that decided whether to undergo vaccination. These are safety, effectiveness, trust, social impact, fear and anxiety [5]. Scientists are still looking for factors that reflect authentic opinions after taking vaccinations. The wealth of data collected in this space presents a picture of the reality perceived by various groups of people along with their problems. The broad context of the research on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic shows many existential and health problems not only for the elderly, but also for children and adolescents. For example, anxiety and depressive behavior are factors that scientists believe may result from disrupted education and the negative impact of the pandemic on the existential well-being of families due to isolation (pandemic and political), limited access to health care, and lack of material resources for everyday life, especially of families with already low income [6]. Other reports show that low- and middle-income countries are unable to secure immunization against COVID-19 [7]. Research also shows dissonance in the approach to vaccination of different nationalities. For example, the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia are concerned about the adverse effects of vaccinations, although they are not life threatening, and believe that unvaccinated people should not have the right to a full public life [8, 9]. In contrast, Italian respondents showed that information on vaccination is not sufficient for people with low levels of education, and for inhabitants of the islands and southern regions of the country [10]. Considering comorbidities, it is worth recalling the results of studies from Japan, where 90% of patients with enteritis disease, after being educated about the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine, decided to adopt it [11].
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At the start of the pandemic, low COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were recorded in the Middle East, Russia, Africa, and several European countries. This fact has been a serious problem in global efforts to contain the pandemic, so more studies are recommended to convince the reluctant and undetermined [12]. It should be added that social opinions after taking vaccines change due to the occurring various health complications attributed to vaccines. However, the results of studies conducted in many regions of the world more often indicate a positive attitude towards the administered vaccines, also in patients with comorbidities [13, 14]. Some countries also see a positive attitude towards influenza vaccination with concomitant administration of the COVID-19 vaccine [15]. Because of the vaccination against COVID-19, many emotions are aroused by vaccinating children whose parents do not fully accept the proposed vaccines, emphasizing that they have not been adequately tested and there is no information about side effects [16, 17].
The aim of this study was to check the opinions of Polish and Palestinian students as to the effectiveness of vaccinations against COVID-19. Both populations live in different geographic zones and social, health and political conditions. For this reason, it is meaningful to learn about the opinions of young people in terms of the research problem undertaken. This study shows the vital role of the access time to a vaccine and the resulting opinion of young people who are often critical of vaccination. It should be emphasized that Palestinian students started receiving vaccinations later than other communities, which was caused by the lack of availability of vaccines due to cross-border conditions and, consequently, by limited epidemiological activities [18]. The undertaken problem of research among students is part of the general discussion on the adopted vaccinations, where universities play a huge role in organizing vaccinations at university campuses, as well as in generating pro-vaccination attitudes [19].
This study has been conducted using the author’s survey in March 2022 among students of universities in Poland and Palestine. The questionnaire in addition to socio-code data contained the following questions:
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The research was conducted at the University of Bethlehem, Palestine and the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. The respondents filled in the original online questionnaire. The study participants were invited to this study on purpose because universities represent two different cultures, which allows the COVID-19 vaccination problem to be viewed from a variety of interesting perspectives. Moreover, different health care systems draw an interesting perspective on the approach to a patient who in Palestine is embedded in a space of constant military conflict and lives in conscious or less conscious existential stress, fear of a pandemic, and has had limited access to vaccines for some time, and lives in Poland in peaceful conditions and has free access to vaccinations [20].
The health care system in Palestine is caring but constantly strives to provide adequate medical services. The health system does not have sufficient infrastructure; there is a shortage of medical equipment, medicine and protective equipment. The ongoing conflict led to the ruin of many hospitals and clinics. Health care work is hampered by a shortage of electricity and water is scarce in some regions. Palestine suffers from a shortage of family medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, oncology, and pediatric surgery suffer from serious staff shortages. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, medical care for refugees faces big problems. Movement restrictions make access to medical services extremely difficult [21]. Political and humanitarian conditions in Palestine are complex and have a large impact on the health care system (usually for a fee),
The research was conducted at the University of Bethlehem, Palestine and the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. The respondents filled in the original online questionnaire. The study participants were invited to this study on purpose because universities represent two different cultures, which allows the COVID-19 vaccination problem to be viewed from a variety of interesting perspectives. Moreover, different health care systems draw an interesting perspective on the approach to a patient who in Palestine is embedded in a space of constant military conflict and lives in conscious or less conscious existential stress, fear of a pandemic, and has had limited access to vaccines for some time, and lives in Poland in peaceful conditions and has free access to vaccinations [20].
The health care system in Palestine is caring but constantly strives to provide adequate medical services. The health system does not have sufficient infrastructure; there is a shortage of medical equipment, medicine and protective equipment. The ongoing conflict led to the ruin of many hospitals and clinics. Health care work is hampered by a shortage of electricity and water is scarce in some regions. Palestine suffers from a shortage of family medicine, pediatrics, psychiatry, neurology, oncology, and pediatric surgery suffer from serious staff shortages. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, medical care for refugees faces big problems. Movement restrictions make access to medical services extremely difficult [21]. Political and humanitarian conditions in Palestine are complex and have a large impact on the health care system (usually for a fee),
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