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This study describes our experience in researching and designing an innovative way of operating combined building–energy systems using renewable energy sources. We used the concepts of the ISOMAX integrated building–energy system’s patented technical solution, which we have long been exploring and have developed various novel and original solutions, as inspiration for our research. A consistent peak heat/cooling supply is a key component of the patented ISOMAX system, which has also been proven in its use in many buildings. Energy systems are no longer dependent on unreliable, unpredictable, and hard-to-forecast geothermal and solar energy because of the peak energy source. We had to improve the original design to guarantee the efficient, comfortable, and dependable operation of all the energy systems in the building. We increased the capacity of the ventilation system by including a peak heat/cooling source, a short-term heat/cooling storage tank, and the option of using an air handling unit with heat recovery or a water/air heat exchanger. The addition of terminal elements for heating, cooling, and ventilation systems was also made, along with including a solar system, a wind turbine, and the potential for waste heat recovery. Our study led to the creation of a unique operating model that, with the building management system, optimizes all of the energy systems and heating/cooling sources. The utility model SK 5749 Y1 analyzes the various alternatives in great detail.
We have focused our extensive research on the creation and innovation of coupled building–energy systems employing renewable energy sources (RES) since about 2004. The building technology with the name and trademark
ISOMAX inspired us (hereinafter referred to as the “ISOMAX system” or “ISOMAX”), patent SK 284 751, author: KRECKÉ [1]. This system uses solar energy that the energy roof collects and stores in a long-term ground-heat storage beneath or close to the structure. A thermal barrier is formed by pipes embedded in the building envelope that use heat from the ground heat storage or ground cold from the building surroundings to eliminate heat losses. We describe the operation of this system in more detail in Section 2.
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Constructing buildings using this system clarifies that a reliable peak heat/cooling source is also required to free energy systems from reliance on erratic, unpredictable, and difficult-to-expect solar and geothermal energy stored in underground heat storage. For these reasons, our research goals and questions were how to address the identified shortcomings of this perspective system and ensure the reliable, cost-effective, and comfortable operation of the building’s energy systems using as much renewable energy as possible. Our research on combined building–energy systems has focused mainly on energy (solar) roofs, long-term heat storage, especially in ground heat storage, and active thermal protection. In Section 3, we present an overview of the research in the combined construction and energy systems field.
The originality of our research, as it is presented in this study, lies in the development of the ISOMAX system’s original mode of operation in various modes for various energy systems and in the addition of heat/cooling sources, as well as other system components, which, in coordination with the building control system, optimize the mode of operation and provide a variety of energy-secure and dependable technical solutions for buildings versus buildings with fossil fuel-based heat/cooling sources. For the combined building–energy sources of heat/cooling and energy systems, we have developed and specified new and original variants of operation, for which we have developed variants of wiring schemes (Section 4.1). In Section 4.2, we define and describe the specific technical solution of the energy systems’ wiring. We explain some of the results of our research in Section 4.3, including the specification of the integrated building–energy system’s mode of operation in two different modes, namely the active thermal protection mode (Section 4.3.1) and the heat-recovery ventilation mode (Section 4.3.2). In Section 4.4, we describe our proposal for the innovation of a pipe-in-pipe heat recovery system. In Section 5, we summarize the outcomes of our research and in Section 6 we define the objectives of our further research.
In terms of the method of operation of the ISOMAX system [1], the primary heat sources are solar and geothermic energy (Figure 1). The hot water can be reheated using an electric or gas storage water-heater. The energy (solar) roof collects solar energy (ESR). It is only useful in the summer and to a limited extent during the transitional period with sufficient heating of the heat transfer medium, i. j., at a temperature higher than the temperature in the long-term ground-heat storage. This source results in unstable and insufficient absorption of solar radiation (GHS). A less significant amount of geothermic energy is also trapped in the GHS for use as heating. Without boosting energy efficiency using a peak heat source, such as a heat pump or solar collectors, the ISOMAX system [1] employs solar energy stored in the GHS exclusively for direct usage in the thermal barrier (TB) and for preheating hot water. Due to the numerous fluctuating physical parameters affecting the solar radiation ESR, which only acts to charge the long-term GHS, it is difficult to determine the exact quantity of energy. Heat sources—ESR and GHS—are difficult to regulate and cannot meet the sudden requirements to increase the heat supply for heating and hot water. Additionally, they cannot meet the yearly energy requirements for heating, hot water, or ventilation. The ISOMAX system’s source design [1] is typically implemented empirically through estimation [2].
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By implementing a thermal barrier (TB) in the exterior structures to utilize the heat that is stored in the ground heat storage (GHS) or the cold that comes from registers of pipes buried close to the building below ground level at a depth of 1 to 2 m, the ISOMAX system eliminates heat loss/gain in the interior of the building (Figure 2) [1, 2].
The thermal barrier is a network of pipes installed in the building structure between the static bearing and thermal insulation portions, as shown in Figure 3, or in the load-bearing portions of reinforced concrete panels that are divided into interior and exterior sides by thermal insulation, as shown in Figure 4. ISOMAX has technical solutions for applying both of the mentioned alternatives (Figure 5). For the production of self-supporting reinforced concrete panels, it applies lost formwork, and concrete pouring takes place directly on the construction site of the building (Figure 4) [1, 2].
The patented ISOMAX system uses pipe-in-pipe heat recovery ventilation that is both outside and beneath the building for building ventilation, as shown in Figure 6 [1, 2]. The ISOMAX control system is designed individually for each building (Figure 7) [1, 2].
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As per the study of Ulbrich, Milaszewicz, and Rachel [3], 2007, “Note that, the use of solar energy in conjunction with near-surface geothermal energy combines the benefits of two proven processes—solar technology and the use of geothermal heat—in an amazingly simple form. Numerous instances from all climatic zones demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology, which is very cost-effective in terms of both manufacture and operation. Further study and improvement are required to optimize and be able to “compute” this building technology. Gaining control over the calculation of heat exchange processes and optimizing insulation thicknesses are the goals of additional research. The Isomax building technology, however, may already be used in an efficient and environmentally responsible manner thanks to prior expertise”.
As per the study of Guinea [4], 2008, “Reports that a graduate engineer and scientist from Luxembourg, E. KRECKÉ proposed two interesting ideas in his ISOMAX system. The first involves the creation of a temperature-controlled surface (thermal barrier) between two insulation layers in the building envelope. This efficiently uses subsurface temperatures that cannot be used directly for heating inside the building and effectively controls heat flow via the walls and roof covering. Thus, it is simple and effective to utilize the significant heat that builds up in our environment as “basement temperature” to reduce the transmission losses in the building envelope. The second idea involves the direct underground collection of solar energy and
By implementing a thermal barrier (TB) in the exterior structures to utilize the heat that is stored in the ground heat storage (GHS) or the cold that comes from registers of pipes buried close to the building below ground level at a depth of 1 to 2 m, the ISOMAX system eliminates heat loss/gain in the interior of the building (Figure 2) [1, 2].
The thermal barrier is a network of pipes installed in the building structure between the static bearing and thermal insulation portions, as shown in Figure 3, or in the load-bearing portions of reinforced concrete panels that are divided into interior and exterior sides by thermal insulation, as shown in Figure 4. ISOMAX has technical solutions for applying both of the mentioned alternatives (Figure 5). For the production of self-supporting reinforced concrete panels, it applies lost formwork, and concrete pouring takes place directly on the construction site of the building (Figure 4) [1, 2].
The patented ISOMAX system uses pipe-in-pipe heat recovery ventilation that is both outside and beneath the building for building ventilation, as shown in Figure 6 [1, 2]. The ISOMAX control system is designed individually for each building (Figure 7) [1, 2].
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As per the study of Ulbrich, Milaszewicz, and Rachel [3], 2007, “Note that, the use of solar energy in conjunction with near-surface geothermal energy combines the benefits of two proven processes—solar technology and the use of geothermal heat—in an amazingly simple form. Numerous instances from all climatic zones demonstrate the effectiveness of this technology, which is very cost-effective in terms of both manufacture and operation. Further study and improvement are required to optimize and be able to “compute” this building technology. Gaining control over the calculation of heat exchange processes and optimizing insulation thicknesses are the goals of additional research. The Isomax building technology, however, may already be used in an efficient and environmentally responsible manner thanks to prior expertise”.
As per the study of Guinea [4], 2008, “Reports that a graduate engineer and scientist from Luxembourg, E. KRECKÉ proposed two interesting ideas in his ISOMAX system. The first involves the creation of a temperature-controlled surface (thermal barrier) between two insulation layers in the building envelope. This efficiently uses subsurface temperatures that cannot be used directly for heating inside the building and effectively controls heat flow via the walls and roof covering. Thus, it is simple and effective to utilize the significant heat that builds up in our environment as “basement temperature” to reduce the transmission losses in the building envelope. The second idea involves the direct underground collection of solar energy and
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