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IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) has been developed as a routing agent in low-power and lossy networks (LLN), where nodes’ resource constraint nature is challenging. This protocol operates at the network layer and can create routing and optimally distribute routing information between nodes. RPL is a low-power, high-throughput IPv6 routing protocol that uses distance vectors. Each sensor-to-wire network router has a collection of fixed parents and a preferred parent on the path to the Destination-oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) graph’s root in steady-state. Each router part of the graph sends DODAG information object (DIO) control messages and specifies its rank within the graph, indicating its position within the network relative to the root. When a node receives a DIO message, it determines its network rank, which must be higher than all its parents’ rank, and then continues sending DIO messages using the trickle timer. As a result, DODAG begins...
Fuelled to bring the Internet of Things concept to real life, the Internet Engineering Task Force is working on 6LoWPAN, in which the standard allows a vast number of smart objects to be deployed in local wireless sensor networks (WSNs) using the huge address space of IPv6 for data and information harvesting through the Internet. From the security point of view, 6LoWPAN/WSN will be open to security threats from the local network itself and the Internet. Cryptography techniques applied as the front line of defence or deterrent can easily be broken because of the weak secure nature of LoWPAN devices and the wireless environment. Compromised nodes could lead to insider attacks without being detected by any cryptography checking. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is, primarily needed as a second line of defence to monitor the network operations and raise an alarm in case of any anomaly. This paper analyses potential security threats in 6LoWPAN and reviews the current countermeasures, in particular, the IDS-based solutions for countering insider/internal threats. Additionally, it discovers three novel QoS-related security threats, namely rank attack, local repair attack, and resource depleting attack, which are more seriously affecting the routing protocol for low-power and lossy network, the routing protocol used to establish 6LoWPAN network topology. A new two-layer IDS concept is introduced as a countermeasure method for securing the routing protocol for low-power and lossy network-built network topology from the internal QoS attacks. Potential research works are also presented to provide baseline reference to researchers in this field.
Anil Singhvi Strategy For February 13: Key Market Triggers, Important Levels To Track In Nifty50, Nifty Bank
Abstract Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications refer to the ability of devices to communicate with each other without human intervention. Being arguably the most industrial branch of the emerging Internet of Things (IoT), it has some very stringent requirements on reliability, low-power and often delay. With cellular M2M today still being relatively power hungry, we concentrate in this paper on capillary M2M which is also more cost-efficient.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ever-growing network of smart objects. It refers to the physical objects are capable of exchanging information with other physical objects. It introduces various services and human's routine life depends on its available and reliable activities. Therefore, the challenge of implementing secure communication in the IoT network must be addressed. The IoT network is secured with encryption and authentication, but it cannot be protected against cyber-attacks. Hence, the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is needed. In this paper, we discuss some security attacks and various intrusion detection approaches to mitigate those attacks.
The Internet of Things (IoT) could be described as the pervasive and global network which aids and provides a system for the monitoring and control of the physical world through the collection, processing and analysis of generated data by IoT sensor devices. It is projected that by 2020 the number of connected devices is estimated to grow exponentially to 50 billion. The main drivers for this growth are our everyday devices such as cars, refrigerators, fans, lights, mobile phones and other operational technologies including the manufacturing infrastructures which are now becoming connected systems across the world. It is apparent that security will pose a fundamental enabling factor for the successful deployment and use of most IoT applications and in particular secure routing among IoT sensor nodes thus, mechanisms need to be designed to provide secure routing communications for devices enabled by the IoT technology. This survey analyzes existing routing protocols and mechanisms to secure routing communications in IoT, as well as the open research issues. We further analyze how existing approaches ensure secure routing in IoT, their weaknesses, threats to secure routing in IoT and the open challenges and strategies for future research work for a better secure IoT routing.
Engineering For Sustainable Development: Delivering On The Sustainable Development Goals
Smart metering application has received a lot of attention from the research community lately. Usually, low power and lossy network runs on routing protocol for low power and lossy networks protocol, which constructs a directed acyclic graph structure for its normal operation. In this paper, we devise a wormhole attack scenario in such a network. Furthermore, we propose a Merkle tree-based authentication mechanism, which runs on the notion of constructing a tree of hashed security information. We analyze the approach by formulating the wormhole attack scenario as a graph theoretic problem and show the effectiveness of the proposed Merkle tree-based approach for authenticating communications. Furthermore, we perform simulations in network simulator 2 to observe the network performance by adopting a Merkle tree-based approach to prevent from disrupting the links, and we observe better throughput, reduction in jitter, and end-to-end delay as compared with scenarios with wormhole attacks and no avoidance mechanism. In the end, we take a step toward optimizing the performance of the mechanism by proposing an effective tree traversal algorithm, which works on the notion of electing nodes as a root in a large scale network from where a Merkle tree will be originated. The mechanism with the traversal algorithm assists in managing the authentication in a huge network, which is broken down into many trees avoiding wormhole attacks in the network. KEYWORDS wormhole attack; routing protocol for low power and lossy network; Merkle tree-based authentication; tree-based protocolsAll articles published by are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by , including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https:///openaccess.
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.
Ecuador: Staff Report For The 2019 Article Iv Consultation And Request For An Extended Arrangement Under The Extended Fund Facility—press Release; Staff Report; And Statement By The Executive Director For Ecuador In:
By Dušan Đorđević 1, * , Miloš Paunović 1 , Dražen Čular 2 , Tomislav Vlahović 3 , Miljenko Franić 4, 5, 6, 7 , Dubravka Sajković 3 , Tadija Petrović 3 and Goran Sporiš 8
It is well documented that whole body-vibration training has effects on muscle strength and flexibility, blood circulation, decreases pain perception and strengthens bone and tendon. Although whole body-vibration has benefits in athletes’ flexibility, we are not sure what its actual effects are in artistic gymnastics (since they already have stunning flexibility). Hence, the aim of this study was to analyse the studies on whole-body vibration in artistic gymnastics and to present the effects on flexibility. The search and analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The databases search (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct) yielded 18, 057 potential studies. By the given inclusion criteria (studies from 2005 to 2022; full-text published in English; the study included male and female gymnasts as samples, and that participants were tested for evaluation of flexibility by whole-body vibration method), a total of 9 full-text studies were included, with a total of 210 participants, both male and female. As far as the measured flexibility tests conducted, front split, sit and reach and bridge were evaluated, while obtained results were 9.1–39.1%, 2.79–6.7%, 6.43–7.45%, respectively. All studies have conducted same vibration frequency (30 Hz) with same amplitude of displacements (2 mm), except for the one study who did not show the information of implemented amplitude. After analysing the obtained results, it can be concluded that the usage of whole-body vibration platform shows flexibility improvements in artistic gymnasts, both male and female. In addition, a combination of whole-body vibration and traditional static
By Dušan Đorđević 1, * , Miloš Paunović 1 , Dražen Čular 2 , Tomislav Vlahović 3 , Miljenko Franić 4, 5, 6, 7 , Dubravka Sajković 3 , Tadija Petrović 3 and Goran Sporiš 8
It is well documented that whole body-vibration training has effects on muscle strength and flexibility, blood circulation, decreases pain perception and strengthens bone and tendon. Although whole body-vibration has benefits in athletes’ flexibility, we are not sure what its actual effects are in artistic gymnastics (since they already have stunning flexibility). Hence, the aim of this study was to analyse the studies on whole-body vibration in artistic gymnastics and to present the effects on flexibility. The search and analysis were carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The databases search (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, EBSCOhost and Science Direct) yielded 18, 057 potential studies. By the given inclusion criteria (studies from 2005 to 2022; full-text published in English; the study included male and female gymnasts as samples, and that participants were tested for evaluation of flexibility by whole-body vibration method), a total of 9 full-text studies were included, with a total of 210 participants, both male and female. As far as the measured flexibility tests conducted, front split, sit and reach and bridge were evaluated, while obtained results were 9.1–39.1%, 2.79–6.7%, 6.43–7.45%, respectively. All studies have conducted same vibration frequency (30 Hz) with same amplitude of displacements (2 mm), except for the one study who did not show the information of implemented amplitude. After analysing the obtained results, it can be concluded that the usage of whole-body vibration platform shows flexibility improvements in artistic gymnasts, both male and female. In addition, a combination of whole-body vibration and traditional static
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