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In the recent years, blockchain technology has gained significant attention in the healthcare sector. It has the potential to alleviate a wide variety of major difficulties in electronic health record systems. This study presents an elaborate overview of the existing research works on blockchain applications in the healthcare industry. This paper evaluates 144 articles that discuss the importance and limits of using blockchain technologies to improve healthcare operations. The objective is to demonstrate the technology’s potential uses and highlight the difficulties and possible sectors for future blockchain research in the healthcare domain. The paper starts with an extensive background study of blockchain and its features. Then, the paper focuses on providing an extensive literature review of the selected articles to highlight the current research themes in blockchain-based healthcare systems. After that, major application areas along with the solutions provided by blockchain in healthcare systems are pointed out. Finally, a discussion section provides insight into the limitations, challenges and future research directions.
High maintenance and management costs are the dire problems that modern healthcare systems face [1]. The healthcare system is highly complex, containing several domains, each comprising physicians, researchers, practitioners, supportive staff, management employees, and patients [2]. As a result, categorization and management of patient data becomes a daunting challenge [3, 4]. This challenge is further exacerbated by dissimilar data structures and disparate workflows in different healthcare domains. For these reasons, the lack of efficient interchange of healthcare-related information among various healthcare domains poses a great hindrance [5].
To tackle health information records and exchange, a system is required to be developed, managed, and maintained. A third party develops and maintains traditional personal health record and electronic health record systems, with trust, privacy, and data security remaining important challenges [6]. However, the third-party-based existing healthcare recording systems cannot satisfy stakeholders’ privacy needs [7]. As a result, the traditional electronic healthcare model lacks transparency because of privacy and data security issues.
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In resolving the security-related concerns and the severe problem of enormous and highly diverse data in healthcare systems, blockchain technology offers significant prospects [8]. Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed database, peer-to-peer network, and digital ledger [9]. The blockchain could link many computers via nodes, and requires no transactions to build a new block that helps send safe information from one person to another. The client may access all the allowed and verifiable medical-related information using a blockchain secured by cryptography. Anyone may choose transactions and also add a new chain to the block. The master key of a blockchain is a hash, and by using this hash function, a blockchain can generate unique identifiers for cryptocurrency to add data.
Since traditional electronic health record and personal health record-based health information exchange systems have failed to cope with privacy and security-related issues, stakeholders are hesitant about collaborating and co-operating for the exchange of health information. As a result, the cost of healthcare has increased, which is a great burden on both patients and healthcare providers. To solve these trust-related problems, researchers and policymakers nowadays are turning towards blockchain technology. As per IBM, many leading healthcare organizations predict blockchain will bring a significant change to the healthcare system by upgrading healthcare management systems and by establishing a decentralized architecture for the interchange of electronic healthcare information [10]. By 2022, the blockchain technology market is anticipated to account for over USD 500 million [11]. Although several studies on blockchain in the healthcare industry have been conducted, the existing literature cannot provide a comprehensive picture of the application areas. Therefore, it becomes inevitable to conduct an extensive study to explore the applications of blockchain in the healthcare industry. Many servers are now being built to provide services to clients via mobile devices. In this current time of internet services, it is possible to create and transmit a huge amount of medical data every week or daily by using mobile devices and many applications. The current healthcare system has the potential to solve limitations in a variety of fields, such as cost limitation, tactical limitation, maintaining standardization, and individual behavioral constraint to services [12]. However, healthcare system providers do not always use the latest advantage of the technology in the supply chain. For example, they do not use the new accumulation and distribution of medical supplies in the proper way. In fact, a report on Healthcare Finance revealed that nearly USD 25.7 billion is required every year for unnecessary supply management and operations [13]. A massive amount of work needs to focus on a smart healthcare system to improve the limitations and satisfy rising expectations for better healthcare. It could work on design and development issues based on smart devices, tools, better facilities, and an updated healthcare organization. It could also develop smart healthcare on customer-connected apps, biosensors and the most updated emergency service systems [14]. Therefore, to build a better network, we need to identify consensus algorithms that are already being used in many blockchain networks and determine which ones are compatible with IoT-based infrastructure for the improvement of healthcare services [15]. There is another way to mitigate the large data storage problem of blockchain with the faster data sharing process called Distributed Data Storage System (DDSS) [16]. It uses data caching and file translation to keep track of multiple documents with the same name in the same place. However, sometimes when a massive file is uploaded to DDSS, it recesses the file into several smaller data objects, for example, 256 kb, and also connects all these objects to an empty object to retrieve the complete file using Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) [17]. Some sensors can collect data automatically from users and can transfer them to a certain storage or cloud for further processing by physicians, nurses, and medical staff [18]. Several pieces of rules and regulations have been proposed to save individual patients’ privacy. These laws always require appropriate security management for controlling, sharing, and exchanging the health of patient data, and failure to follow them is strongly prosecuted, with severe penalties being imposed on electronic healthcare systems (EHRs) [19]. According to the report by IBM, almost 70% of healthcare leaders foretell the huge impact of blockchain on the areas of health domain improvement and the clinical trial system, regulatory compliance, and creating a decentralized structure for sharing electronic health records (EHR) [20].
Because of the availability of better data security and management at lower cost, blockchain-based healthcare management systems are gaining more and more popularity both in practical and research sectors. Throughout the last decade, the research interest in blockchain-based healthcare systems has skyrocketed. For future research, there is a lack of comprehensive information gathering and representation of the prior activities in this sector. Current review papers offer succinct summaries of recent developments in this field and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of the solutions put forth by academics. However, these review papers do not provide an extensive evaluation of multiple aspects of blockchain in healthcare system such as the research themes that are being followed, the areas of healthcare in which blockchain is mostly used for, applications of blockchain in certain areas and existing blockchain-based healthcare systems. For future research, there is a lack of comprehensive information gathering and representation of the prior activities in this sector. Current review papers offer brief summaries of recent developments in the blockchain-based healthcare system and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of the solutions put forth by academics. This research aims to conduct an extensive study of the existing literature and identify potential blockchain applications in various healthcare disciplines. This research also discusses the research direction, challenges and future research course in blockchain-based healthcare system. An exhaustive review of the existing literature to cluster the knowledge related to blockchain in healthcare is the ultimate contribution of this study.
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Blockchain is a decentralized, unchangeable database that simplifies the tracking of assets and recording of transactions in a corporate network. A blockchain is made up of an expanding collection of documents, known
Blockchain is a decentralized, unchangeable database that simplifies the tracking of assets and recording of transactions in a corporate network. A blockchain is made up of an expanding collection of documents, known
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