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From the perspective of a circular economy that prioritizes resource reuse and recovery, sewage sludge could be a source of nutrients for agricultural soils or a source of energy, depending on its characteristics. Lombardy is the region with the highest quantity of sludge production and management in Italy. A methodology was developed to: extract and analyze quantitative data on sewage sludge (EWC 190805) production and management (2017–2018); collect and analyze qualitative data from publicly available documents in tender processes for sewage sludge management (2014–2020). Sludge from Lombardy’s wastewater treatment facilities displayed average qualities that were useful for recovery in agriculture after additional stabilization treatments. Sludge showed generally low heating values and elevated water content and should require additional treatments to be used in mono-combustion. The study discovered that there is still work to be done in sludge recovery in agriculture in Lombardy, taking biosolid quality into account. Sludge, on the other hand, can be converted into energy. The methodology for collecting and analyzing site-specific data presented here can be applied to other areas. The findings can assist and guide decision-makers in developing future regional sewage sludge management strategies.
Sewage sludge is a typical by-product of our society. It can be originated from civil or industrial activities. Sewage sludge contains valuable organic matter and can be a source of nutrients to be recovered for soil fertilization and remediation [1]. It also contains pathogens, organic and inorganic pollutants and potentially toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), dioxins, nonylphenols, and other trace pollutants, such as (phyto)pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and microplastics [2, 3, 4], currently so-called “emerging contaminants” [5]. Pollutants can be persistent in the environment, accumulating and biomagnifying [6], and may pose hazards to human health and the ecosystems, such as carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity [3, 5]. Moreover, substances can form intermediate products or mixtures resulting in synergistic/additive/antagonistic effects [3]. Consequently, sewage sludge treatment activities focus on improving its quality for recovery opportunities, whilst minimizing the quantities to be treated and disposed of. In line with circular economy principles, the current plan calls for wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to be turned into water resource recovery facilities [7].
With a view to waste management priorities, which prioritize material recovery, sludge reuse in agriculture potentially represents an optimum solution, due to its valuable properties: organic carbon content, nitrogen, phosphorus, micronutrients (in particular metals such as nickel and copper) [8, 9, 10]. Nitrogen can be easily available from adequately treated biosolids, decreasing the need for chemical fertilizers [11]. Phosphorus has been brought to attention due to the progressive depletion of mines [12] and is included in the list of critical raw materials [13]. Phosphorous and nitrogen could be recovered from the sludge line of WWTPs by precipitation/crystallization; phosphorous is also extracted from sewage sludge and residual ash of incineration by wet chemical recovery technologies [14]. Recovery of micronutrients has become more relevant these days, with fluctuation in micronutrient deficiency levels in soils being a global phenomenon [15]. Treated sludge is indicated to improve soil properties, such as texture and water-holding capacity, favoring root growth and drought resistance [16, 17, 18]. Moreover, emerging technologies are aimed at recovering volatile fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates from secondary wastewater sludge [19].
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Energy recovery from sludge is becoming more and more interesting due to the need for substitute energy sources and for technology development [20], and a viable alternative pathway for sludge recovery. Biogas from anaerobic digestion can be a supply for heating and electricity generation, and it can be upgraded to biomethane for injection into natural gas networks or as transport fuel [21, 22]. Sewage sludge can be dried and converted into energy in cogeneration plants, thermal power plants, waste-to-energy plants, cement kilns, and mono-incineration plants by incineration, pyrolysis, or gasification [23, 24].
Besides thermal processes, which significantly reduce sludge, technologies for sludge minimization are employed in the water and sludge lines. Chemical processes include chemical oxidation (ozonation and wet oxidation); among biological processes, there are membrane biological reactors (meso- and thermophilic), and biological predation and Granular Sludge Systems [25]. Electro-osmosis is growing in interest among pressurized electro-dewatering treatments [25].
Currently, the law still in force at the European level is the Council Directive 86/278/EEC [26]: it is aimed at regulating the reuse of sludge in agriculture, increasing its recovery while protecting the environment and health, by ensuring that heavy metals in soil and sludge do not exceed set limits. The Directive is currently obsolete and does not consider the most recent technologies and alternative sludge recovery opportunities. The review of the Directive was started by the European Union (EU) in 1999, but a revision of the law is still absent. Since then, beyond scientific progress and technological developments, the policy framework has changed following the Circular economy action plans, the Bioeconomy Strategy, the new Fertilizing Products Regulation, the Farm to Fork Strategy, and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 [27]. Besides the regulatory framework, the “ideal” strategy for the reuse/disposal of sludge has not been identified yet, though numerous efforts are ongoing additionally through international projects and research [28].
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The produced amount of sewage sludge in Europe (EU27) can be estimated as approximately 10 million tonnes, dry solids [29]. In 2021, approximately 48% was spread on land for agricultural use, and incineration stood at about 27% [30]. In 2016, the EU produced 16.1 Mtoe (Million tonnes of oil equivalent) of biogas, with sewage sludge feedstock contributing with 1.4 Mtoe of biogas (8.7%) [21]. Significant differences between the Member States in sewage sludge management are reported: while the reuse of nutrients in agriculture (land spreading or composting) is the most common practice in Spain, Ireland, Finland, Hungary, and Cyprus, incineration is mainly applied in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Austria [31]. The main aspects influencing the choice for sludge recovery/ disposal are population density and the availability of agricultural lands. Moreover, the low level of acceptance by farmers and the public could represent another significant restriction to biosolid land spreading [32].
In Italy, the production of sewage sludge (European Waste Code EWC 190805) was 3.4 million tonnes in 2020, out of which about 44% was recovered, with reuse in agriculture being one of the possible options [33]. Agricultural reuse is the most prevalent route in the regions of northern Italy, with Lombardy leading this trend [32, 33]. In Lombardy, the production of sewage sludge was around 468, 800 t in 2020 (13.8% of Italian production) [33]. In Italy, the European regulation 86/278/EEC has been implemented with the Legislative Decree 99/1992 [34], then integrated in 2018 (Law n. 130, article 41 [35]), which deputes the regions to establish further limits and conditions for the reuse of biosolids in agriculture in relation to the characteristics of the soils, crops, and sludge. At the regional level, Lombardy implemented D.G.R. X/2031/2014 [36], integrated in September 2017 by the D.G.R. X/7076/2017 [37] and by Executive Decree D.D. 6665/2019 [38]. Regional regulations introduced requirements for the acceptability of sludge entering the sludge treatment plants (STPs—authorized for the treatment on behalf of third parties); provided two quality classes for biosolids reused in agriculture (“high-quality” and “suitable for spreading”) with different limit values; and defined the characteristics of agricultural soils receiving the biosolids and spreading methods [32], and set limit values for additional parameters [38].
In 2016, the production of biogas in Italy was about 8259 GWh (3.8% in Lombardy), of which about 129 GWh was produced from sludge [39]. The production of biomethane is recently gaining more attention and the first plants have been realized and tested in the region in the last year, in parallel with the planning and design of full-scale plants.
Anvil Shears Löwe 1
In short, possibilities of nutrients or energy recovery of sewage sludge are potentially virtuous solutions and promising perspectives for the circular economy, even though regulations and costs have an impact favoring or preventing this process. While there are no ready-made solutions for sewage sludge management, possible options need to be assessed case by
The produced amount of sewage sludge in Europe (EU27) can be estimated as approximately 10 million tonnes, dry solids [29]. In 2021, approximately 48% was spread on land for agricultural use, and incineration stood at about 27% [30]. In 2016, the EU produced 16.1 Mtoe (Million tonnes of oil equivalent) of biogas, with sewage sludge feedstock contributing with 1.4 Mtoe of biogas (8.7%) [21]. Significant differences between the Member States in sewage sludge management are reported: while the reuse of nutrients in agriculture (land spreading or composting) is the most common practice in Spain, Ireland, Finland, Hungary, and Cyprus, incineration is mainly applied in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Austria [31]. The main aspects influencing the choice for sludge recovery/ disposal are population density and the availability of agricultural lands. Moreover, the low level of acceptance by farmers and the public could represent another significant restriction to biosolid land spreading [32].
In Italy, the production of sewage sludge (European Waste Code EWC 190805) was 3.4 million tonnes in 2020, out of which about 44% was recovered, with reuse in agriculture being one of the possible options [33]. Agricultural reuse is the most prevalent route in the regions of northern Italy, with Lombardy leading this trend [32, 33]. In Lombardy, the production of sewage sludge was around 468, 800 t in 2020 (13.8% of Italian production) [33]. In Italy, the European regulation 86/278/EEC has been implemented with the Legislative Decree 99/1992 [34], then integrated in 2018 (Law n. 130, article 41 [35]), which deputes the regions to establish further limits and conditions for the reuse of biosolids in agriculture in relation to the characteristics of the soils, crops, and sludge. At the regional level, Lombardy implemented D.G.R. X/2031/2014 [36], integrated in September 2017 by the D.G.R. X/7076/2017 [37] and by Executive Decree D.D. 6665/2019 [38]. Regional regulations introduced requirements for the acceptability of sludge entering the sludge treatment plants (STPs—authorized for the treatment on behalf of third parties); provided two quality classes for biosolids reused in agriculture (“high-quality” and “suitable for spreading”) with different limit values; and defined the characteristics of agricultural soils receiving the biosolids and spreading methods [32], and set limit values for additional parameters [38].
In 2016, the production of biogas in Italy was about 8259 GWh (3.8% in Lombardy), of which about 129 GWh was produced from sludge [39]. The production of biomethane is recently gaining more attention and the first plants have been realized and tested in the region in the last year, in parallel with the planning and design of full-scale plants.
Anvil Shears Löwe 1
In short, possibilities of nutrients or energy recovery of sewage sludge are potentially virtuous solutions and promising perspectives for the circular economy, even though regulations and costs have an impact favoring or preventing this process. While there are no ready-made solutions for sewage sludge management, possible options need to be assessed case by
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